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Faktör Analizi ile Anket Verilerine Dayalı Sosyoekonomik Kırılganlık Değerlendirmesi: İzmit Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 209 - 220, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1352951

Abstract

Sosyoekonomik değişkenlerin mekansal kümelenmesi ve sosyo-mekansal ayrışma, sosyoekonomik statüleri birbirinden farklı olan nüfus gruplarının yer seçimlerindeki farklılaşmanın bir sonucudur. Mekânsal ayrışmanın tipik olarak, kentin belirli bölgelerinde çoğunlukla vasıfsız göçmenlerden oluşan düşük gelirli grupların yerleştiği alanlar ile sosyoekonomik düzeyi yüksek grupların toplumun geri kalanından izole edilmiş bölgeler olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu çalışma, kitlesel göçe maruz kalmış bir sanyi kentinin konut alanları üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın amacı, benzer sosyoekonomik özelliklere sahip mahallerde mekansal kümelenme olup olmadığını, sunulan tesis ve hizmetlerde bir kümelenme olup olmadığını değerlendirmek, var ise bu mekansal ayrışmanın deecesini ölçmektir. Ayrıca, sosyoekonomik değişkenler ve sunulan hizmetler arasındaki ilişki de incelenerek sosyoekonomik düzeyi düşük ve hizmetleri yetersiz olan yoksul mahallelerin belirlenmesi sağlanmıştır. Ampirik bulgular, Türkiye'nin birçok metropolünde olduğu gibi bir örüntü sergileyen bir sosyo-mekansal ayrışmanın olduğunu göstermektedir. Mikro düzeyi temsil eden sosyoekonomik göstergeler kentsel mekân genelinde bir kümelenme gösterirken, makro düzeyi temsil eden mahallelerdeki hizmetlerin dağılımı kayda değer düzeyde bir kümelenme göstermemektedir. Ancak, sosyoekonomik düzeyi düşük mahallelerde sunulan hizmetlerin de miktarı ve çeşitliliğinin düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Duruma ilişkin mikro ve makro düzeydeki göstergelerin ilişkisi, özellikle düşük sosyoekonomik statüye sahip mahalleler için bu ayrışmanın derinleşmesine katkıda bulunmuş gibi görünmektedir.

References

  • Alver, K. (2010). Siteril Hayatlar, Ankara: Hece Yayinlari.
  • Akyol-Altun, D. (2011). İzmir’de konut pratiğinin dönüşümü ve kapali konut sitelerinin ortaya çikişi. Ege Mimarlik, 2 (77), 26-32.
  • Işik, O., Pinarcioğlu, M. (2015). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk. (10. bs), İletişim Yayinlari.
  • Işik, O. (2021). Residential Segregation in a Highly Unequal Society: Istanbul in the 2000s. In: van Ham, M., Tammaru, T., Ubarevičienė, R., Janssen, H. (eds) Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham.
  • Boal, F.W. (1987). Segregation. In, Ceri Peach (Ed.), Social Geography, New York: Progress and Prospect, 124-152.
  • Börtücene, İ.Ö., Lütfi A. (1996). Kocaeli İli Havza Stratejik Planlamasi
  • Brorström, S. (2015), "Implementing innovative ideas in a city: good solutions on paper but not in practice?", International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(3), pp. 166-180.
  • Calder A., Rosalind G. (2001). “Land Policy, Land Markets and Urban Spatial Segregation”, Land Lines, 13(6), 4-6.
  • Firidin-Özgür E. (2006). Sosyal ve Mekansal Ayrişma Çerçevesinde Yeni Konutlaşma Eğilimleri: Kapali Siteler, İstanbul, Çekmeköy Örneği. Planlama. 2006 (4), 79-95
  • Haandrikman K., Costa R., Malmberg B., Farner Rogne A. & Sleutjes B. (2023). Socio-economic segregation in European cities. A comparative study of Brussels, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Oslo and Stockholm, Urban Geography, 44(1), 1-36, DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2021.1959778
  • Harris R. (1984). Residential segregation and class formation in the capitalist city: a review and directions for research. Progress in Human Geography, 8(1), 26-49.
  • İncedere L. (2022). Kentsel mekânda ayrişma: Mahalle ölçeğinde bir İnceleme-İzmir Örneği, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 81, 127-140.
  • Jürgen F. (1998). “Social Inequality, Segregation and Urban Conflict: The Case of Hamburg”, Sako Musterd, Wim Ostendorf (ed.), Urban Segregation and the Welfare State, London: Routledge, pp. 168-190.
  • Kim, S.K., Bennett M.M., van Gevelt T., and Joosse P. (2021). Urban agglomeration worsens spatial disparities in climate adaptation. Scientific Reports 11(1), Article 8446.
  • Kule H. and Es M., (2002). Türkiye’de kentsel yoksulluk: Kocaeli Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences , 0 (50) , 259-300.
  • Massey D.S. (2007). Residential Segregation and Persistent Urban Poverty. Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States: On Reparations for Slavery, Jim Crow, and Their Legacies, eds. Michael T. Yaquinto M. and M., New York, USA: Duke University Press, pp. 331-348.
  • Massey D.S., Rothwell J., Domina T. (2009) “The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626, 74-90.
  • Payne, G. K. (1993). The Provision of basic services in Pakistan, Turkey and Egypt. Urbanization in Developing Countries: Basic Services and Community Participation, ed. Mohanty B., Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 17-33.
  • Van Ham M., Tammaru T, Ubarevičienė R., Janssen H. (2021). Urban socio- economic segregation and income inequality: A global perspective. Springer.
  • Van Kempen, R., and Özüekren, A.S. (1998). Ethnic Segregation in Cities: New Forms and Explanations in a Dynamic World. Urban Studies, 35(10), 1631–1656.
  • Saltman J. (1991). Theoretical Orientation: Residential Segregation. Elizabeth D. Huttman (ed.), Urban Housing Segregation of Minorities in Western Europe and the United States, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 1-20.
  • Tammaru, T., Sinitsyna A., Akhavizadegan A., van Ham M., Marcińczak S., and Musterd S. (2021). Income inequality and residential segregation in European cities. In Urban inequality and segregation in Europe and China: Towards a new dialogue, 1st ed., ed. G. Pryce, Y.P. Wang, Y. Chen, J. Shan, and H. Wei, 39-54. Cham: Springer.
  • Yildiz Ö. Alkan Bala H. (2022). Genius Logi: Towards the Phenomenology of Gated Community. DEPARCH Journal of Design Planning and Aesthetics Research, 1(2), 55-72
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Assessment of Spatial Clustering of Socioeconomic Variables and Facilities at District Level: The Case of Körfez-Derince-İzmit

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 209 - 220, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1352951

Abstract

Spatial clustering of socioeconomic variables and socio-spatial segregation is a result of the differentiation in choices of the living environment of population groups that differ from each other in their socioeconomic status. Typical examples of spatial segregation are the residential areas of the low-income groups, commonly composed of unqualified immigrants, in certain areas of the city, and higher socioeconomic status communities occupying places isolated from the rest of the society. The present study, conducted on the residential areas of an industrialized city that was subject to mass immigration. Aim of the study is to evaluate if there is a spatial clustering of the districts with similar socioeconomic characteristics and if there is a clustering of facilities, services, and housing to understand and quantify the degree of segregation. The interrelationships among the socioeconomic variables and the services provided were also evaluated to determine the deprived districts of low socioeconomic status and insufficient services. Empirical findings suggest that as in most of the metropolises of Turkey, there is a socio-spatial segregation that exhibits a pattern. The socioeconomic indicators that represent a micro level show a clustering across the urban space whereas the distribution of services per district that represent a macro level doesn’t show a substantial clustering. However, the low socioeconomic status districts are found to be characterized by low amount and diversity of services provided. This relationship of micro and macro level indicators for the case might have well contributed to the deepening of segregation, particularly for low socioeconomic status districts.

References

  • Alver, K. (2010). Siteril Hayatlar, Ankara: Hece Yayinlari.
  • Akyol-Altun, D. (2011). İzmir’de konut pratiğinin dönüşümü ve kapali konut sitelerinin ortaya çikişi. Ege Mimarlik, 2 (77), 26-32.
  • Işik, O., Pinarcioğlu, M. (2015). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk. (10. bs), İletişim Yayinlari.
  • Işik, O. (2021). Residential Segregation in a Highly Unequal Society: Istanbul in the 2000s. In: van Ham, M., Tammaru, T., Ubarevičienė, R., Janssen, H. (eds) Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham.
  • Boal, F.W. (1987). Segregation. In, Ceri Peach (Ed.), Social Geography, New York: Progress and Prospect, 124-152.
  • Börtücene, İ.Ö., Lütfi A. (1996). Kocaeli İli Havza Stratejik Planlamasi
  • Brorström, S. (2015), "Implementing innovative ideas in a city: good solutions on paper but not in practice?", International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(3), pp. 166-180.
  • Calder A., Rosalind G. (2001). “Land Policy, Land Markets and Urban Spatial Segregation”, Land Lines, 13(6), 4-6.
  • Firidin-Özgür E. (2006). Sosyal ve Mekansal Ayrişma Çerçevesinde Yeni Konutlaşma Eğilimleri: Kapali Siteler, İstanbul, Çekmeköy Örneği. Planlama. 2006 (4), 79-95
  • Haandrikman K., Costa R., Malmberg B., Farner Rogne A. & Sleutjes B. (2023). Socio-economic segregation in European cities. A comparative study of Brussels, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Oslo and Stockholm, Urban Geography, 44(1), 1-36, DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2021.1959778
  • Harris R. (1984). Residential segregation and class formation in the capitalist city: a review and directions for research. Progress in Human Geography, 8(1), 26-49.
  • İncedere L. (2022). Kentsel mekânda ayrişma: Mahalle ölçeğinde bir İnceleme-İzmir Örneği, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 81, 127-140.
  • Jürgen F. (1998). “Social Inequality, Segregation and Urban Conflict: The Case of Hamburg”, Sako Musterd, Wim Ostendorf (ed.), Urban Segregation and the Welfare State, London: Routledge, pp. 168-190.
  • Kim, S.K., Bennett M.M., van Gevelt T., and Joosse P. (2021). Urban agglomeration worsens spatial disparities in climate adaptation. Scientific Reports 11(1), Article 8446.
  • Kule H. and Es M., (2002). Türkiye’de kentsel yoksulluk: Kocaeli Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences , 0 (50) , 259-300.
  • Massey D.S. (2007). Residential Segregation and Persistent Urban Poverty. Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States: On Reparations for Slavery, Jim Crow, and Their Legacies, eds. Michael T. Yaquinto M. and M., New York, USA: Duke University Press, pp. 331-348.
  • Massey D.S., Rothwell J., Domina T. (2009) “The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626, 74-90.
  • Payne, G. K. (1993). The Provision of basic services in Pakistan, Turkey and Egypt. Urbanization in Developing Countries: Basic Services and Community Participation, ed. Mohanty B., Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 17-33.
  • Van Ham M., Tammaru T, Ubarevičienė R., Janssen H. (2021). Urban socio- economic segregation and income inequality: A global perspective. Springer.
  • Van Kempen, R., and Özüekren, A.S. (1998). Ethnic Segregation in Cities: New Forms and Explanations in a Dynamic World. Urban Studies, 35(10), 1631–1656.
  • Saltman J. (1991). Theoretical Orientation: Residential Segregation. Elizabeth D. Huttman (ed.), Urban Housing Segregation of Minorities in Western Europe and the United States, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 1-20.
  • Tammaru, T., Sinitsyna A., Akhavizadegan A., van Ham M., Marcińczak S., and Musterd S. (2021). Income inequality and residential segregation in European cities. In Urban inequality and segregation in Europe and China: Towards a new dialogue, 1st ed., ed. G. Pryce, Y.P. Wang, Y. Chen, J. Shan, and H. Wei, 39-54. Cham: Springer.
  • Yildiz Ö. Alkan Bala H. (2022). Genius Logi: Towards the Phenomenology of Gated Community. DEPARCH Journal of Design Planning and Aesthetics Research, 1(2), 55-72
  • URL1: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/, accessed in August 2023
  • URL2: https://www.endeksa.com/tr/, accessed in August 2023
  • URL3: https://rehber.kocaeli.bel.tr/, accessed in August 2023
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects City and Regional Planning, Urban and Regional Planning (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Deniz Gerçek 0000-0003-4818-9802

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Acceptance Date December 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gerçek, D. (2023). Assessment of Spatial Clustering of Socioeconomic Variables and Facilities at District Level: The Case of Körfez-Derince-İzmit. Resilience, 7(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1352951