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Ev hayvanlarının beslenmesinde böcek kullanımı

Year 2022, Volume: 93 Issue: 1, 87 - 98, 15.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.909963

Abstract

Dünya nüfusu hızla artmaktadır ve 2100 yılına kadar 10,9 milyara ulaşması beklenmektedir. Nüfus artışına kıyasla bu büyük nüfusu besleyecek gıda kaynakları artışı senkronize değildir. Gelecekte vatandaşlarını beslemek için yeterli yiyeceğe sahip olan ülke güçlü olarak kabul edilecektir. Temel olarak, canlılar tarafından kullanılan bitki ve hayvan temelli iki ana protein kaynağı vardır. Hayvansal protein kaynakları, esansiyel amino asitlere sahip olması sebebiyle insanlar için ayrıca önemlidir. İhtiyaçları karşılamak için yeni alternatif kaynakların bulunması zaman gerektirmektedir. Özellikle hayvan yemlerinde protein kaynağı olarak kullanılan böcek, bunlardan biridir, böylece insanlar için protein kaynaklarında tasarruf sağlanır. Özellikle ev hayvanı mama şirketleri insan tüketimi standartlarında et kullanırlar ve böcek bazlı bir protein kaynağı bunlarla değiştirilebilir. Böcekler enerji, lipitler (%14-37), proteinler (%40-60), vitaminler ve mineraller bakımından zengin, çeşitli tür (siyah asker sineği, un kurdu, cırcır böceği ve çekirge) ve yaşam evresine (larva, pupa, nimfa ve yetişkin) sahip kaynaklardır. Bu çalışmada ev hayvanlarında (köpekler, kediler, tavşanlar, sürüngenler, şeker planörleri, kuşlar ve akvaryum alternatif bir protein kaynağı olarak böcek unu kullanılan birçok çalışma açıklanmıştır. Böceklerden elde edilen ürünlerin alternatif bir protein kaynağı olarak, geleneksel protein kaynakları (soya küspesi, balık unu) yerine daha iyi performansla ev hayvanı mamalarında kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılabilir.

References

  • 1. Adil S, Şişman T, İncekara Ü (2014): An investigation on the growth and reproductive performance of Poecilia reticulata (Peters)(Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinidae) fed diets with dried insects. Mun Ent Zoo, 9, 638-644.
  • 2. Alataş MS, Özdemir Ö (2020): Kırmızı Yanaklı Su Kaplumbağası El Kitabı, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • 3. Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012): World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03.
  • 4. Association, American Pet Products (2019): 2019–2020 APPA National Pet Owners Survey." Stamford, CT: American Pet Products Association.
  • 5. Beynen AC (2018): Insect-based petfood. Creature Companion, 40-41.
  • 6. Böhm TMSA, Klinger CJ, Gedon N, Udraite L, Hiltenkamp K, Mueller RS (2018): Effekt eines Insektenprotein-basierten Futters auf die Symptomatik von futtermittelallergischen Hunden. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K: Kleintiere/Heimtiere, 46, 297-302.
  • 7. Bosch G, Zhang S, Oonincx DGAB, Hendriks WH (2014): Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods. J Nutr Sci, 3, e29.
  • 8. Boyer TH, Scott PW (2019): Nutrition. 201-223 In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (Eds.), Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO.
  • 9. Carregal RD, Takahashi R (1987): Use of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chrysalis meal as a replacement for soyabean meal in the feeding of growing rabbits. Rev Soc Bras Zoot, 16, 158-162.
  • 10. Chen M, Chen X, Nsor-Atindana J, Masamba KG, Ma J, Zhong F (2017): Optimization of key aroma compounds for dog food attractant. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 225, 173-81.
  • 11. Çiçek K, Ayaz D (2011): Food composition of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in Lake Sülüklü (Western Anatolia, Turkey). J Freshwater Eco, 26(4), 571-578.
  • 12. Davis S, Ramm K, Ju ZY, and Soller F (2017): Insects as a feed ingredient in aquafeeds. World Aquac, 9, 61-63.
  • 13. De Vries M, de Boer IJM (2010): Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments. Livest Sci, 128, 1-11.
  • 14. Dussault GV, Kramer DL (1981): Food and feeding behavior of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Can J Zool, 59, 684-701.
  • 15. Ernst CH, Barbour RW (1989): Snakes of Eastern North America. George Mason University Press.
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  • 19. Finke MD (2002): Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biol, 21(3), 269-285.
  • 20. Forshaw JM (1989): Parrots of the world. Third (revised) edition.
  • 21. Gasco L, Dabbou S, Trocino A, Xiccato G, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Dezzutto D, Birolo M, Meneguz M, Schiavone A (2019): Effect of dietary supplementation with insect fats on growth performance, digestive efficiency and health of rabbits. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 10, 4.
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  • 25. Hong Y, Zhou J, Yuan MM, Dong H, Cheng GQ, Wang YJ, Xia JY, Zhang L (2020: Dietary supplementation with housefly (Musca domestica) maggot meal in growing beagles: hematology, serum biochemistry, immune responses and oxidative damage. Ann Anim Sci, 20, 1351-1364.
  • 26. Jarett JK, Carlson A, Serao MR, Strickland J, Serfilippi L, Ganz HH (2019): Diets with and without edible cricket support a similar level of diversity in the gut microbiome of dogs. Peer J, 7, e7661.
  • 27. Jozefiak A, Engberg RM (2017): Insect proteins as a potential source of antimicrobial peptides in livestock production. A review. J Anim Feed Sci, 26, 87-99.
  • 28. Juniper T, Parr M (1998): Parrots. A guide to the parrots. 1-584." In: Sussex.
  • 29. Kelly R (2020): There's a fly in my kibble! Insect-based pet food takes off. https://news.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=210&Id=9557654&useobjecttypeid=10&fromVINNEWSASPX=1. [accessed 25 January 2020].
  • 30. Keong W (2000): Worms: a potential feed source for cultured aquatic animals. The Adv, 3, 82-83.
  • 31. Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Pawełczyk P, Różyńska J, Golusik J, Mikołajczak Z, Józefiak D (2018): Do insects smell attractive to dogs? A comparison of dog reactions to insects and commercial feed aromas–a preliminary study. Ann Anim Sci, 18, 795-800.
  • 32. Kilburn LR, Carlson AT, Lewis E, Serao MCR (2020): Cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) meal fed to healthy adult dogs does not affect general health and minimally impacts apparent total tract digestibility. J Anim Sci, 98(3), 1-8.
  • 33. Kowalska D, Gugołek A, Strychalski J (2020): Evaluation of slaughter parameters and meat quality of rabbits fed diets with silkworm pupae and mealworm larvae meals. Ann Anim Sci, 20, 551-564.
  • 34. Kubiak M (2020): Chameleons. Handbook of Exotic Pet Medicine, 263-281.
  • 35. Lei XJ, Kim TH, Park JH, Kim IH (2019): Evaluation of supplementation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in beagle dogs. Ann Anim Sci, 19(3), 767-777.
  • 36. Lisenko K, de Godoy M, Oliveira M, Silva T, Fontes T, Costa D, Lacerda R, Ferreira L, Gonçalves T, Zangeronimo M (2018): PSXIII-26 Compositional analysis and effects of dietary supplementation of insect meals on nutrient digestibility and gut health of adult dogs. J Anim Sci, 96, 158-159.
  • 37. Lisenko K, Saad F, Oliveira M, Silva T, Costa D, Dias D, Damasceno M, Oliveira L, Junior SRS, Zangeronimo M, deGodoy MRC (2018): PSXIII-25 Use of insect meal an alternative protein source in feline nutrition. J Anim Sci, 3, 158.
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  • 40. Marcionetti A, Rossier V, Bertrand JAM, Litsios G, Salamin N (2018): First draft genome of an iconic clownfish species (Amphiprion frenatus). Mol Ecol Resour, 18, 1092-1101.
  • 41. Martins C, Cullere M, Dalle ZA, Cardoso C, Alves SP, Bessa RJB, Freire JPB, Falcão-e-Cunha L (2018): Incorporation of two levels of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae fat or extruded linseed in diets of growing rabbits: effects on growth performance and diet digestibility. Czech J Anim Sci, 63, 356-362.
  • 42. Miglietta PP, De Leo F, Ruberti M, Massari S (2015): Mealworms for food: a water footprint perspective. Water 7, 6190-6203.
  • 43. Morimoto H, Watanabe Y, Yamashita Y, Oozeki Y (1994): Effects of maternal nutritional conditions on number, size and lipid content of hydrated eggs in the Japanese sardine from Tosa Bay, southwestern Japan. Paper presented at the Int. Workshop: Survival Strategies in Early Life Stages of Marine Resources. Yokohama Japon. 11-14 Oct. 1994.
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  • 45. Olivotto I, Di Stefano M, Rosetti S, Cossignani L, Pugnaloni A, Giantomassi F, Carnevali O (2011): Live prey enrichment, with particular emphasis on HUFAs, as limiting factor in false percula clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris, Pomacentridae) larval development and metamorphosis: molecular and biochemical implications. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 159, 207-218.
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  • 48. Panini RL, Freitas LEL, Guimarães AM, Rios C, da Silva MFO, Vieira FN, Fracalossi DM, Samuels RI, Prudêncio ES, Silva CP (2017): Potential use of mealworms as an alternative protein source for Pacific white shrimp: Digestibility and performance. Aquacu, 473, 115-120.
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Insects usage in pets food

Year 2022, Volume: 93 Issue: 1, 87 - 98, 15.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.909963

Abstract

The world population is increasing swiftly and expected to reach 109 billion by 2100. As compared to population increment, food resources to feed a huge population are not increasing. Similarly, in the future country having enough food to feed its inhabitants will be considered more powerful. There are two main protein sources used by living beings which are from plant origin and animal origin. Furthermore, animal protein sources are more crucial for humans due to the presence of essential amino acids. It is a need of the hour to find alternative sources to fulfill the requirements. The insect protein source is one of them especially for animal feed leading to the usage of that protein being consumed by animals in human food. Especially pets food companies use hygiene meat of human consumption standards which can be replaced with an insect-based protein source. Insects are a rich source of proteins (40-60%), lipids (14-37%), energy, vitamins and minerals having variation with species (black soldier fly, mealworm, cricket and locust) and developmental stage of life (larva, pupa, nymph and adult one). Many trials have been conducted by using insect meal as an alternative protein source in pet’s food (dogs, cats, rabbits, reptiles, sugar gliders, birds, and ornamental fishes, which has been explained in this study. It can be concluded that insect-derived products can be used in pet food as an alternative source of protein to conventional protein sources (soybean meal, fish meal) with improved performance.

References

  • 1. Adil S, Şişman T, İncekara Ü (2014): An investigation on the growth and reproductive performance of Poecilia reticulata (Peters)(Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinidae) fed diets with dried insects. Mun Ent Zoo, 9, 638-644.
  • 2. Alataş MS, Özdemir Ö (2020): Kırmızı Yanaklı Su Kaplumbağası El Kitabı, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • 3. Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012): World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03.
  • 4. Association, American Pet Products (2019): 2019–2020 APPA National Pet Owners Survey." Stamford, CT: American Pet Products Association.
  • 5. Beynen AC (2018): Insect-based petfood. Creature Companion, 40-41.
  • 6. Böhm TMSA, Klinger CJ, Gedon N, Udraite L, Hiltenkamp K, Mueller RS (2018): Effekt eines Insektenprotein-basierten Futters auf die Symptomatik von futtermittelallergischen Hunden. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K: Kleintiere/Heimtiere, 46, 297-302.
  • 7. Bosch G, Zhang S, Oonincx DGAB, Hendriks WH (2014): Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods. J Nutr Sci, 3, e29.
  • 8. Boyer TH, Scott PW (2019): Nutrition. 201-223 In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (Eds.), Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO.
  • 9. Carregal RD, Takahashi R (1987): Use of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chrysalis meal as a replacement for soyabean meal in the feeding of growing rabbits. Rev Soc Bras Zoot, 16, 158-162.
  • 10. Chen M, Chen X, Nsor-Atindana J, Masamba KG, Ma J, Zhong F (2017): Optimization of key aroma compounds for dog food attractant. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 225, 173-81.
  • 11. Çiçek K, Ayaz D (2011): Food composition of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in Lake Sülüklü (Western Anatolia, Turkey). J Freshwater Eco, 26(4), 571-578.
  • 12. Davis S, Ramm K, Ju ZY, and Soller F (2017): Insects as a feed ingredient in aquafeeds. World Aquac, 9, 61-63.
  • 13. De Vries M, de Boer IJM (2010): Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments. Livest Sci, 128, 1-11.
  • 14. Dussault GV, Kramer DL (1981): Food and feeding behavior of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Can J Zool, 59, 684-701.
  • 15. Ernst CH, Barbour RW (1989): Snakes of Eastern North America. George Mason University Press.
  • 16. Fasolin LH, Pereira RN, Pinheiro AC, Martins JT, Andrade CCP, Ramos OL, Vicente AA (2019): Emergent food proteins–Towards sustainability, health and innovation. Food Res Int, 125, 108586.
  • 17. Federation European Pet Food Industry (2013) Nutritional guidelines for complete and complementary pet food for cats and dogs, FEDIAF Bruxelles (Belgium).
  • 18. Fernando AA, Phang VPG, Chan SY (1991): Diets and feeding regimes of poeciliid fishes in Singapore. Asian Fish Sci, 4, 99-107.
  • 19. Finke MD (2002): Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biol, 21(3), 269-285.
  • 20. Forshaw JM (1989): Parrots of the world. Third (revised) edition.
  • 21. Gasco L, Dabbou S, Trocino A, Xiccato G, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Dezzutto D, Birolo M, Meneguz M, Schiavone A (2019): Effect of dietary supplementation with insect fats on growth performance, digestive efficiency and health of rabbits. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 10, 4.
  • 22. Gowsalya T, Kumar J, Stephen S, Betsy CJ (2016): Influence of earthworm meal as alternative protein source in goldfish Carassius auratus. J Aquac Tropics, 31, 91.
  • 23. Growth For Knowledge (2013): Man’s best friend: global pet ownership and feeding trends. https://www.gfk.com/insights/mans-best-friend-global-pet-ownership-and-feeding-trends. [accessed 18 January 2020].
  • 24. Harrabin R (2019): Insect-based food 'better for pets than top steak. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49450935. [accessed 04 April 2021].
  • 25. Hong Y, Zhou J, Yuan MM, Dong H, Cheng GQ, Wang YJ, Xia JY, Zhang L (2020: Dietary supplementation with housefly (Musca domestica) maggot meal in growing beagles: hematology, serum biochemistry, immune responses and oxidative damage. Ann Anim Sci, 20, 1351-1364.
  • 26. Jarett JK, Carlson A, Serao MR, Strickland J, Serfilippi L, Ganz HH (2019): Diets with and without edible cricket support a similar level of diversity in the gut microbiome of dogs. Peer J, 7, e7661.
  • 27. Jozefiak A, Engberg RM (2017): Insect proteins as a potential source of antimicrobial peptides in livestock production. A review. J Anim Feed Sci, 26, 87-99.
  • 28. Juniper T, Parr M (1998): Parrots. A guide to the parrots. 1-584." In: Sussex.
  • 29. Kelly R (2020): There's a fly in my kibble! Insect-based pet food takes off. https://news.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=210&Id=9557654&useobjecttypeid=10&fromVINNEWSASPX=1. [accessed 25 January 2020].
  • 30. Keong W (2000): Worms: a potential feed source for cultured aquatic animals. The Adv, 3, 82-83.
  • 31. Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Pawełczyk P, Różyńska J, Golusik J, Mikołajczak Z, Józefiak D (2018): Do insects smell attractive to dogs? A comparison of dog reactions to insects and commercial feed aromas–a preliminary study. Ann Anim Sci, 18, 795-800.
  • 32. Kilburn LR, Carlson AT, Lewis E, Serao MCR (2020): Cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) meal fed to healthy adult dogs does not affect general health and minimally impacts apparent total tract digestibility. J Anim Sci, 98(3), 1-8.
  • 33. Kowalska D, Gugołek A, Strychalski J (2020): Evaluation of slaughter parameters and meat quality of rabbits fed diets with silkworm pupae and mealworm larvae meals. Ann Anim Sci, 20, 551-564.
  • 34. Kubiak M (2020): Chameleons. Handbook of Exotic Pet Medicine, 263-281.
  • 35. Lei XJ, Kim TH, Park JH, Kim IH (2019): Evaluation of supplementation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in beagle dogs. Ann Anim Sci, 19(3), 767-777.
  • 36. Lisenko K, de Godoy M, Oliveira M, Silva T, Fontes T, Costa D, Lacerda R, Ferreira L, Gonçalves T, Zangeronimo M (2018): PSXIII-26 Compositional analysis and effects of dietary supplementation of insect meals on nutrient digestibility and gut health of adult dogs. J Anim Sci, 96, 158-159.
  • 37. Lisenko K, Saad F, Oliveira M, Silva T, Costa D, Dias D, Damasceno M, Oliveira L, Junior SRS, Zangeronimo M, deGodoy MRC (2018): PSXIII-25 Use of insect meal an alternative protein source in feline nutrition. J Anim Sci, 3, 158.
  • 38. Maclean GL (1990): Ornithology for Africa: a text for users on the African continent: University of Kwazulu Natal Press.
  • 39. Makkar HPS, Tran G, Heuzé V, Ankers P (2014): State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 197, 1-33.
  • 40. Marcionetti A, Rossier V, Bertrand JAM, Litsios G, Salamin N (2018): First draft genome of an iconic clownfish species (Amphiprion frenatus). Mol Ecol Resour, 18, 1092-1101.
  • 41. Martins C, Cullere M, Dalle ZA, Cardoso C, Alves SP, Bessa RJB, Freire JPB, Falcão-e-Cunha L (2018): Incorporation of two levels of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae fat or extruded linseed in diets of growing rabbits: effects on growth performance and diet digestibility. Czech J Anim Sci, 63, 356-362.
  • 42. Miglietta PP, De Leo F, Ruberti M, Massari S (2015): Mealworms for food: a water footprint perspective. Water 7, 6190-6203.
  • 43. Morimoto H, Watanabe Y, Yamashita Y, Oozeki Y (1994): Effects of maternal nutritional conditions on number, size and lipid content of hydrated eggs in the Japanese sardine from Tosa Bay, southwestern Japan. Paper presented at the Int. Workshop: Survival Strategies in Early Life Stages of Marine Resources. Yokohama Japon. 11-14 Oct. 1994.
  • 44. National Research Council (2006): Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press.
  • 45. Olivotto I, Di Stefano M, Rosetti S, Cossignani L, Pugnaloni A, Giantomassi F, Carnevali O (2011): Live prey enrichment, with particular emphasis on HUFAs, as limiting factor in false percula clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris, Pomacentridae) larval development and metamorphosis: molecular and biochemical implications. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 159, 207-218.
  • 46. Oonincx DGAB, De Boer IJM (2012): Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans–a life cycle assessment. PloS ONE, 7, e51145.
  • 47. Ortega-Salas AA, Reyes-Bustamante H (2006): Initial sexual maturity and fecundity of the goldfish Carassius auratus (Perciformes: Cyprynidae) under semi-controlled conditions. Rev Biol Trop, 54, 1113-1116.
  • 48. Panini RL, Freitas LEL, Guimarães AM, Rios C, da Silva MFO, Vieira FN, Fracalossi DM, Samuels RI, Prudêncio ES, Silva CP (2017): Potential use of mealworms as an alternative protein source for Pacific white shrimp: Digestibility and performance. Aquacu, 473, 115-120.
  • 49. Pion PD, Kittleson MD, Rogers QR, Morris JG (1987): Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: a reversible cardiomyopathy. Sci, 237(4816), 764-768.
  • 50. Plantinga EA, Bosch G, Hendriks WH (2011): Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats. Br J Nutr, 106, S35-S48.
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section INVITED PAPER / REVIEW
Authors

Ibrar Ahmed 0000-0002-1067-1436

Fatma İnal 0000-0002-5022-1579

Roshan Riaz 0000-0002-0524-9994

Early Pub Date January 13, 2022
Publication Date January 15, 2022
Submission Date April 5, 2021
Acceptance Date November 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 93 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Ahmed I, İnal F, Riaz R. Insects usage in pets food. Vet Hekim Der Derg. 2022;93(1):87-98.

Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi (Journal of Turkish Veterinary Medical Society) is an open access publication, and the journal’s publication model is based on Budapest Access Initiative (BOAI) declaration. All published content is licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license, available online and free of charge. Authors retain the copyright of their published work in Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi (Journal of Turkish Veterinary Medical Society). 

Veteriner Hekimler Derneği / Turkish Veterinary Medical Society