Abstract
This paper evaluates flying handling qualities (FHQ) for the Boeing 747-100 (B747-100) in longitudinal flight. A genuine control has been realized using the spline gain-scheduling approach and full-state feedback linear quadratic regulator (FSFLQR). Converged steady-state responses have been shown for longitudinal states over Mach number and altitude ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 and sea-level to 12190m respectively. However, the FHQ verifications of such gain-scheduling control design are done using control anticipation parameter (CAP), normalised parameters of pitch rate and Cstar (combination effects of pitch rate, pitch and normal acceleration responses). The controller has been identified at which those conditions to be reformulated so that all the FHQ criteria are being satisfied. The CAP criterion well respects the level I of FHQ boundaries. However, some spectra of normalised pitch rate and Cstar with respect to their steady states slightly infringe the FHQ boundaries. This study has shown such a successful implementation of the gain-scheduling controller in terms of converged normal accelerations as well.
Keywords
Flying handling quality Tracking longitudinal responses Gain scheduling Pitch rate criterion CAP criterion Cstar criterion Normal acceleration
References
- Adîr, V. G. & Stoica, A. M. (2012). Integral LQR control of a star-shaped octorotor, Incas Bulletin, 4 (2), 3-18, ISSN 2066 – 8201, DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.
- Bharathi, M. & Kumar, G. (2013, April). An LQR controller design approach for pitch axis stabilisation of 3-DOF helicopter system, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research (IJSER), 4 (4), ISSN 2229-5518.
- Botez, R. M. & Rotaru, M. (2007, August). Analysis of flying qualities for an F/A-18 aircraft. www.researchgate.net/publication/270217047,
- Chapra, S. C. & Canale R. P. (2010). Numerical Methods for Engineers (6th ed.). New York, The McGraw-Hill
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- Etkins, B. (1994, December). Dynamics of Flight Stability and Control. (3rd ed.). Toronto, Canada.
- Forrester, I.J.A., Sóbester, A. & Keane, A.J. (2008). Engineering design via surrogate modelling. University of Southampton, UK. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Frost, C. R., Franklin J. A. & Hardy G. H. (2002, November 5-7). Evaluation of flying qualities and guidance display for an advanced tilt-wing STOL transport aircraft in final approach and landing. Biennial International Powered Lift Conference and Exhibit. Williamsburg, Virginia. AIAA 2002-6016.
- Hajiyev, C. Soken, E., Yenal, H. & Vural, S. (2015). State estimation and control for low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles. ISBN 978-3-319-16416-8, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 176-200.
- Jitendra, R. & Jatinder, S. (2009). Flight Mechanics Modeling and Analysis, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
- Joukhadar, A., Hasan, I., Alsabbagh, A. & Alkouzbary, M. (2015). Integral LQR-based 6DOF autonomous quadrocopter balancing system control, International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IJARAI), 4 (5).
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- Oner, K. T., Cetinsoy, E., Sirimoglu, E., Hancer, C. Ayken, T. & Unel, M. (2009). LQR and SMC Stabilization of a new unmanned aerial vehicle. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 58, 373-378.
- Rogalski, T. & Dołega, B. (2006) Algorithms improving flying qualities of general aviation aircraft. ISSN 1648-7788 Aviation, X, 2, 17-28
- Shaik, I. & Chetty, S. (1998, December). HQPACK User’s Guide, Vols. 1, 2. PC based SW package in MATLAB for the prediction of handling qualities and pilot induced oscillation tendencies of aircraft, NAL Project document, PD-FC-9810,
- Shaik, I. (2005, December). Evaluation of NLR handling qualities database for a large transport aircraft using HQPACK, Project Document FC 0519, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore.
- Shaji, J. & Aswin, R. B. (2015, August). Pitch control of aircraft using LQR & LQG control. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, IJAREEIE, (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organisation), 4 (8), ISSN: 2320-3765.
- Tayebi, A., Nikkhah, A. & Roshanian, J. (2017). LQR/LQG attitude stabilisation of an agile microsatellite with CMG, An International Journal of Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 89 (2), 290-296, Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 1748-8842].
- Tosun, D. C., Işık, Y. & Korul, H. (2015, Mar 15). LQR control of a quadrotor helicopter. New Developments in Pure and Applied Mathematics. 247-252, ISBN: 978-1-61804-287-3.
Abstract
References
- Adîr, V. G. & Stoica, A. M. (2012). Integral LQR control of a star-shaped octorotor, Incas Bulletin, 4 (2), 3-18, ISSN 2066 – 8201, DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.
- Bharathi, M. & Kumar, G. (2013, April). An LQR controller design approach for pitch axis stabilisation of 3-DOF helicopter system, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research (IJSER), 4 (4), ISSN 2229-5518.
- Botez, R. M. & Rotaru, M. (2007, August). Analysis of flying qualities for an F/A-18 aircraft. www.researchgate.net/publication/270217047,
- Chapra, S. C. & Canale R. P. (2010). Numerical Methods for Engineers (6th ed.). New York, The McGraw-Hill
- Elarbi, E. M., Laila, D. S. & Horri, N. M. (2019, 26-30 August). Neural-network bilinear gain-scheduling control for B747-100 longitudinal flight. ICAT'19 8th International Conference on Advanced Technologies. 52-58, E-ISBN: 978-605-68537-4-6.
- Etkins, B. (1994, December). Dynamics of Flight Stability and Control. (3rd ed.). Toronto, Canada.
- Forrester, I.J.A., Sóbester, A. & Keane, A.J. (2008). Engineering design via surrogate modelling. University of Southampton, UK. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Frost, C. R., Franklin J. A. & Hardy G. H. (2002, November 5-7). Evaluation of flying qualities and guidance display for an advanced tilt-wing STOL transport aircraft in final approach and landing. Biennial International Powered Lift Conference and Exhibit. Williamsburg, Virginia. AIAA 2002-6016.
- Hajiyev, C. Soken, E., Yenal, H. & Vural, S. (2015). State estimation and control for low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles. ISBN 978-3-319-16416-8, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 176-200.
- Jitendra, R. & Jatinder, S. (2009). Flight Mechanics Modeling and Analysis, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
- Joukhadar, A., Hasan, I., Alsabbagh, A. & Alkouzbary, M. (2015). Integral LQR-based 6DOF autonomous quadrocopter balancing system control, International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IJARAI), 4 (5).
- Mclean, D. (1990). Automatic Flight Control Systems, UK, the Prentice-Hall International
- Oner, K. T., Cetinsoy, E., Sirimoglu, E., Hancer, C. Ayken, T. & Unel, M. (2009). LQR and SMC Stabilization of a new unmanned aerial vehicle. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 58, 373-378.
- Rogalski, T. & Dołega, B. (2006) Algorithms improving flying qualities of general aviation aircraft. ISSN 1648-7788 Aviation, X, 2, 17-28
- Shaik, I. & Chetty, S. (1998, December). HQPACK User’s Guide, Vols. 1, 2. PC based SW package in MATLAB for the prediction of handling qualities and pilot induced oscillation tendencies of aircraft, NAL Project document, PD-FC-9810,
- Shaik, I. (2005, December). Evaluation of NLR handling qualities database for a large transport aircraft using HQPACK, Project Document FC 0519, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore.
- Shaji, J. & Aswin, R. B. (2015, August). Pitch control of aircraft using LQR & LQG control. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, IJAREEIE, (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organisation), 4 (8), ISSN: 2320-3765.
- Tayebi, A., Nikkhah, A. & Roshanian, J. (2017). LQR/LQG attitude stabilisation of an agile microsatellite with CMG, An International Journal of Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 89 (2), 290-296, Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 1748-8842].
- Tosun, D. C., Işık, Y. & Korul, H. (2015, Mar 15). LQR control of a quadrotor helicopter. New Developments in Pure and Applied Mathematics. 247-252, ISBN: 978-1-61804-287-3.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020Volume: 11 |
