Innovative Technologies for Waste Reduction in the Extraction and Processing of Critical Raw Materials

Abstract

This study addresses the pressing challenge of substantial waste generation during the extractionand processing of critical raw materials (CRMs), which are essential for emerging technologies and thetransition to a sustainable economy. While previous research has documented individual technologies andpractices, it has often lacked an integrated, cross-regional perspective and a strategic framework forimplementation. To fill this gap, this study develops an integrated conceptual model of zero-waste miningsystems, informed by a systematic comparative analysis of innovative technologies and best practices fromEurope, Australia, and Canada. The research adopts a mixed-method approach combining a comprehensiveliterature review, in-depth case studies, and a strategic SWOT analysis to evaluate the feasibility, scalability, andtransferability of advanced waste-reduction technologies. Key findings demonstrate that precision miningtechniques, sensor-based selective extraction, advanced flotation and leaching methods, and tailings valorizationcan significantly reduce waste—by up to 60%—while enhancing resource recovery and generating additionaleconomic value. The proposed conceptual model synthesizes these practices within the circular economicframework, emphasizing the need for technological integration, supportive regulatory environments, and crossindustry collaboration. This study contributes to the literature by offering a systematic, cross-regional synthesisof innovative CRM waste-reduction strategies and proposing a transferable model that bridges the gap betweendescriptive case evidence and actionable strategies for sustainable mining. The findings provide both theoreticaland practical insights, supporting policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in advancing circular economyprinciples in the CRM sector